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Quick Biochemistry - Water And Electrolyte Balance (Section 2)

1
Which of the following conditions is often associated with low magnesium levels?
Answer
(A)
Alcohol abuse
2
In which of these conditions might a person have high levels of magnesium in their blood?
Answer
(B)
Diabetes
3
What mineral is essential for the proper function of the Na+/K+-ATPase pump, along with ATP?
Answer
(C)
Magnesium
4
What is the main positively charged ion found in the fluid outside of cells?
Answer
(A)
Sodium
5
Approximately, what is the normal sodium concentration (in mg per 100 ml) in human blood plasma?
Answer
(D)
330
6
Which of the following medical problems could potentially lead to a drop in blood sodium levels?
Answer
(A)
A deficiency of adrenal hormones
7
Which of the following medical conditions could potentially lead to elevated sodium levels in the blood?
Answer
(A)
A condition characterized by excessive urination
8
Which hormone plays a major role in controlling how the body handles sodium?
Answer
(B)
Aldosterone
9
Which of the following is the primary positively charged ion found within cells?
Answer
(B)
Potassium
10
What is the approximate normal level of potassium found in whole blood (in mg/100 ml)?
Answer
(D)
200
11
Approximately what is the typical potassium level in human plasma, measured in milliequivalents per liter (meq/l)?
Answer
(D)
5
12
Roughly what is the typical potassium concentration inside cells, expressed in nanograms per 100 milliliters?
Answer
(D)
440
13
Estimate the potassium content of nerve tissue, typically given in milligrams per 100 milliliters.
Answer
(D)
530
14
Approximately what is the potassium content found in muscle tissue, expressed in milligrams per 100 milliliters?
Answer
(C)
250-400
15
Which of the following is a sign associated with a low concentration of potassium in the blood serum?
Answer
(A)
Muscle weakness
16
Which hormone plays a role in the regulation of potassium metabolism?
Answer
(A)
Aldosterone
17
In which of the following conditions is high serum potassium often accompanied by high intracellular potassium?
Answer
(A)
Adrenal insufficiency
18
Which condition is often associated with hypokalemia?
Answer
(A)
Cushing's syndrome
19
An overdose of which substance could potentially lead to cardiac arrest?
Answer
(B)
Potassium
20
What is the approximate normal concentration of chloride in whole blood, often measured in milligrams per 100 milliliters?
Answer
(B)
250
21
Approximately what is the typical concentration of chloride, in milligrams per 100 milliliters, found in plasma?
Answer
(C)
365
22
Around what concentration of chlorine, in milligrams per 100 milliliters, is typically found in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Answer
(D)
440
23
Which condition is frequently linked to hypokalemia alongside hypochloremic alkalosis?
Answer
(A)
Cushing's syndrome
24
Hyperchloremia often coincides with which of the following conditions?
Answer
(B)
Hypernatremia
25
What is the primary function of iron within the human body?
Answer
(C)
Cellular respiration
26
What is the typical pH range for blood?
Answer
(D)
7.4
27
What is the usual concentration of bicarbonate in the bloodstream?
Answer
(C)
26 meq/L
28
At a blood pH of 7.4, what is the approximate ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate?
Answer
(B)
1:20
29
A 0.22 M lactic acid solution (pK₊ 3.9) contains 0.20 M in dissociated form and 0.02 M in undissociated form. What is the pH of this solution?
Answer
(C)
4.9
30
Which of the following is a critical buffering system within extracellular fluid?
Answer
(A)
Bicarbonate/carbonic acid
31
What compound would be most effective for buffering at a typical biological pH, considering their respective pK₊ values?
Answer
(B)
Na₂HPO₄ pK₊=7.21
32
Approximately what percentage of the total carbon dioxide carrying capacity of whole blood is attributable to hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin?
Answer
(C)
60
33
What is the typical range for serum CO₂ content?
Answer
(B)
24-29 meq/L
34
How much of the blood's carbon dioxide carrying capacity is located within the red blood cells?
Answer
(C)
85%
35
What percentage of the buffering capacity within red blood cells is due to phosphates?
Answer
(D)
25%
36
What is the normal ratio of alkaline phosphate to acid phosphate in plasma?
Answer
(D)
4:1
37
Which factor causes a shift of the oxygen dissociation curve for hemoglobin to the right?
Answer
(C)
Increased CO₂ tension
38
What best describes the Bohr effect?
Answer
(A)
Shifting of oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right
39
Which of the following describes the process known as the chloride shift?
Answer
(C)
Bicarbonate ion returns to plasma and exchanged with chloride which shifts into the cell
40
Roughly what proportion of total body water is found in the intracellular compartment?
Answer
(C)
70%
41
Which of the following substances present in blood plasma contribute to its osmotic activity?
Answer
(D)
All of these
42
What is the approximate osmotic pressure of blood plasma?
Answer
(C)
280-300 milliosmole/litre
43
Approximately what percentage of the colloid osmotic pressure of blood plasma is attributable to albumin?
Answer
(C)
80%
44
In which bodily fluid is the concentration of proteins typically highest?
Answer
(C)
Interstitial fluid
45
What is the primary cause of oncotic pressure within blood plasma?
Answer
(A)
Proteins
46
What is the approximate value of the oncotic pressure in blood plasma?
Answer
(C)
25 mm of Hg
47
Under which of the following circumstances might edema (swelling) occur?
Answer
(C)
Plasma proteins are decreased
48
What is the relative colloid osmotic pressure of intracellular fluid compared to blood plasma?
Answer
(B)
More than that of plasma
49
Roughly how much water is generated daily through metabolic processes in an adult?
Answer
(B)
300 ml/day
50
What is the approximate daily water loss through the gastrointestinal tract in an adult?
Answer
(A)
Less than 100 ml/day