What is the typical range for serum insulin concentration?
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(A)
4-25 μU/ml
2
A diabetic woman, after an overnight fast and a cup of black coffee, feels queasy and skips breakfast but still takes her insulin. What is the most likely outcome?
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(B)
Hypoglycemia
3
What is a common consequence of insufficient insulin?
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(D)
Presence of glucose in urine
4
What factor is the main trigger for the release of insulin?
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(C)
Blood level of glucose
5
Which cells within the pancreatic islets are responsible for producing glucagon?
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(B)
Glucagon
6
How many amino acids are present in a single glucagon polypeptide chain?
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(B)
29
7
What is an approximate duration for the half-life of glucagon?
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(A)
~5
8
Which process is accelerated by the action of glucagon?
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(A)
Hepatic glycogenolysis
9
What is the typical serum glucagon level during a fasting state?
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(B)
20-100 pg/ml
10
Glucagon primarily functions to:
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(C)
Increases gluconeogenesis in liver
11
In adult males, what is the typical range for serum free testosterone levels?
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(C)
10-30 ng/dl
12
In adult females, what is the typical range for serum free testosterone levels?
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(B)
0.3-2 ng/dl
13
Before puberty, what is the usual level of total serum testosterone?
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(A)
<100 ng/100 ml
14
What is the typical range for total serum testosterone in adult men?
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(C)
300-1000 ng/100 ml
15
What is the typical range for total serum testosterone in adult women?
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(C)
20-80 ng/100 ml
16
What is the approximate range for serum estradiol in men?
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(C)
24-68 pg/ml
17
During the first 10 days of a woman's menstrual cycle, what is the expected range for serum estradiol levels?
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(C)
24-68 pg/ml
18
What is the typical range for serum estradiol levels in women during days 11-20 of their menstrual cycle?
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(B)
50-300 pg/ml
19
What is the typical range for serum estradiol levels in women during days 21-30 of their menstrual cycle?
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(C)
73-149 pg/ml
20
What is the approximate serum progesterone level during the follicular phase?
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(A)
0.2-1.5 ng/100 ml
21
During a pregnancy, what is a typical serum progesterone concentration?
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(D)
Greater than 24 ng/ml
22
In the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, what serum progesterone levels are usually observed?
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(C)
6.0-30 ng/ml
23
Which cells in the testes are responsible for the production of androgens?
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(B)
Leydig cells
24
What hormone primarily regulates the activity of Leydig cells?
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(A)
Intestitial cell stimulating hormone
25
What is the primary hormonal imbalance associated with Stein-Leventhal syndrome (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome)?
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(B)
Androgens
26
What hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating progesterone production in the corpus luteum?
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(A)
LH
27
In the process of testosterone synthesis, what is the crucial, rate-limiting step involving the conversion of a precursor?
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(A)
Cholesterol to pregnenolone
28
What type of enzyme facilitates the conversion of androstenedione into testosterone?
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(B)
Dehydrogenase
29
What enzyme is essential for the conversion of testosterone into estradiol?
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(A)
Aromatase
30
What is the starting compound from which testosterone is synthesized?
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(D)
Pregnenolone
31
In the context of urine analysis, what do urinary 17 ketosteroids primarily indicate?
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(B)
Reflect the overall creation of androgen-related compounds
32
Which hormone is typically assessed in urine to determine pregnancy?
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(D)
A hormone produced by the placenta
33
What is the approximate number of amino acids in human chorionic gonadotropin?
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(D)
237
34
Which hormone, produced by the corpus luteum and placenta, is associated with relaxing pelvic tissues?
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(C)
Relaxin
35
What is a synthetic progesterone frequently used in oral contraceptives?
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(A)
Norethindrone
36
Why are young women often less susceptible to myocardial infarctions?
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(A)
Estrogen
37
Hormone receptors exhibit all the following traits EXCEPT:
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(D)
The quantity of receptors in a target cell is fixed
38
Which statement about hormone receptors is the most accurate?
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(D)
Receptors can be reduced or increased in number based on conditions
39
What is the process of down-regulation?
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(D)
A reduction in the number of receptors for a particular hormone
40
Which of the following statements about hormones is NOT generally true?
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(A)
All hormones require specific transport proteins in the blood
41
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of steroid hormones?
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(D)
They utilize cyclic AMP as a secondary messenger
42
Which of the following hormones uses cyclic AMP as a secondary messenger?
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(D)
All of these
43
Which of the following hormones does NOT use cyclic AMP as a secondary messenger?
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(A)
Oxytocin
44
Which of the following utilizes cyclic GMP as a secondary messenger?
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(B)
Atrial natriuretic factor
45
Certain hormones initiate intracellular effects by stimulating
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(C)
Phospholipase C
46
What is the secondary messenger for the hormone(s) listed?
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(D)
All of these
47
What role do G-proteins play?
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(D)
Signal conversion
48
What component serves as the signal converter for glucagon?
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(C)
Stimulatory G-protein
49
How are G-proteins structured?
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(C)
Trimers
50
G-proteins interact with which type of nucleotide?
