What substance is typically found in higher than normal amounts in the urine of individuals with pheochromocytoma?
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(C)
Vinylmandelic acid
2
In the process of creating epinephrine, which enzyme does the drug disulfiram (used to treat alcohol abuse) block?
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(B)
Dopamine β-hydroxylase
3
Which enzyme is essential for the creation of both Catecholamine and serotonin?
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(B)
N-methyl transferase
4
In what tissues does epinephrine trigger the breakdown of glycogen?
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(C)
Liver and muscle
5
What is a likely physiological response to consuming a strong cup of coffee?
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(C)
Enhance the effect of epinephrine
6
Through which process is epinephrine created from norepinephrine?
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(D)
N-methylation
7
A negative result on a 5 HIAA test could be expected if the patient is taking which medication?
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(C)
Phenothiazone
8
The presence of a significant quantity of 5-HIAA in urine often points to what medical condition?
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(C)
Metastasis of carcinoma of liver
9
What is considered a normal concentration range for triiodothyronine (T3) in serum?
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(B)
0.7-2.0 ng/ml
10
What is a typical range for the concentration of thyroxine (T₄) in serum?
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(B)
5.5-13.5 µg/100 ml
11
Overproduction of thyroid hormones leads to which condition?
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(A)
Hyperthyroidism
12
A deficiency of free T₃ and T₄ leads to
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(B)
Mysoedema
13
In the context of primary hypothyroidism, what is the most valuable measurement to assess?
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(D)
Autoantibodies
14
If iodine levels are adequate, what is the approximate T₃ to T₄ ratio in thyroglobulin?
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(C)
1:7
15
Which substance interferes with the thyroid gland's ability to absorb iodide?
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(A)
Thiocynate
16
Which component is found within the Thyroperoxidase enzyme?
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(A)
Heme
17
The Thyroperoxidase enzyme uses hydrogen peroxide for oxidation. How is the H₂O₂ generated?
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(D)
NADPH dependent enzyme
18
TSH is composed of two subunits. The α-subunits of TSH, LH, and FSH share similarities. Therefore, the specificity must come from the β subunit, containing how many amino acids?
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(B)
112
19
TSH stimulates the production of
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(A)
Thyroxine
20
Thyroid hormones are created by adding iodine to which amino acid?
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(D)
Tyrosine
21
Approximately how many tyrosine residues are found in each thyroglobulin molecule?
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(C)
115
22
What is the approximate percentage of inactive precursors (monoidotyrosine and diiodotyrosine) within thyroglobulin?
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(D)
70
23
How many amino acids are typically present in parathormone?
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(B)
84
24
Which amino acid sequence is crucial for the biological activity of parathormone?
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(B)
1-34
25
What is one effect of PTH?
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(A)
Reduces the renal clearance or excretion of calcium
26
How many amino acids are in the peptide hormone calcitonin?
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(C)
32
27
What effect does calcitonin generally produce?
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(A)
Calcinuria and phosphaturia
28
A key feature of hyperparathyroidism is often
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(D)
High serum calcium and low serum phosphate
29
Under what condition is parathyroid hormone typically released?
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(C)
Is secreted when Ca++ is too low
30
What hormone is produced by the 8-Cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas?
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(C)
Somatostatin
31
What do the B-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans produce?
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(A)
Insulin
32
Which tissue does insulin primarily act upon?
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(D)
Liver
33
Insulin is composed of two chains. What are the approximate lengths of the A and B chains in terms of amino acids?
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(B)
21 and 30
34
In the A chain of the insulin molecule, which amino acid is found at the beginning of the chain?
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(A)
Glycine
35
At the end of the A chain in the insulin molecule, which amino acid is located?
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(A)
Asparagine
36
What is the first amino acid in the B chain of the insulin molecule?
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(C)
Phenylalanine
37
At the end of the B chain in the insulin molecule, which amino acid is present?
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(A)
Threonine
38
How many connections, formed by sulfur atoms, exist between the insulin chains?
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(B)
2
39
Within a single chain of the insulin molecule, how many connections are formed by sulfur atoms?
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(A)
1
40
What element is necessary for insulin to aggregate into larger structures?
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(D)
Zinc
41
Approximately how many amino acids are present in pre-pro insulin?
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(C)
109
42
How many amino acids are typically found in proinsulin?
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(B)
86 amino acids
43
In a healthy adult male, what is the approximate daily insulin secretion?
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(D)
50 units
44
What is the approximate insulin content of the pancreas?
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(D)
200-250 units
45
What is the approximate half-life of insulin?
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(A)
< 3-5 minutes
46
Which metabolic process is stimulated by insulin?
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(B)
Hepatic glycogenesis
47
What effect does insulin have on lipid metabolism?
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(B)
It decreases lipolysis and increases triglyceride synthesis
48
Insulin enhances the function of which enzyme?
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(A)
Pyruvate kinase
49
Which enzyme's activity is reduced by insulin?
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(A)
CAMP dependent protein kinase
50
On which chromosome's short arm is the human insulin gene located?
