Which of the following enzymes does NOT exhibit allosteric regulation?
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(C)
Succinate thiokinase
2
Which of the following is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle?
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(C)
Pyruvate
3
Which of the following citric acid cycle intermediates CANNOT be derived from amino acids?
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(C)
Malate
4
Where does the process of glycolysis take place?
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(B)
Cytosol
5
What is the final product of aerobic glycolysis?
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(C)
Pyruvate
6
Under conditions of fasting, which enzyme is primarily responsible for glucose phosphorylation?
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(A)
Hexokinase
7
Where can glucokinase be found?
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(C)
Liver
8
What is the net energy gain (in ATP equivalents) from each glucose molecule in anaerobic glycolysis?
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(A)
2 ATP equivalents
9
Which of the listed enzymes is regulated allosterically?
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(D)
Phosphofructokinase
10
In which of these locations is glycolysis anaerobic?
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(D)
Erythrocytes
11
Which substance acts as an allosteric inhibitor of phosphofructokinase?
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(D)
Citrate
12
Which molecule functions as an allosteric inhibitor for glucose-6-phosphate?
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(B)
Hexokinase
13
In the context of enzyme regulation, ATP serves as both a co-substrate and an allosteric inhibitor for which enzyme?
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(A)
Phosphofructokinase
14
The complete breakdown of a single glucose molecule into carbon dioxide and water generates approximately how many ATP molecules?
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(D)
38 ATP equivalents
15
Which unique compound is produced during glycolysis specifically in red blood cells?
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(C)
2, 3-Biphosphoglycerate
16
Which enzyme in the given list utilizes inorganic phosphate in its reaction?
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(A)
Phosphoglycerate kinase
17
The Rapoport-Luebering cycle is primarily found in which type of cells?
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(D)
Erythrocytes
18
Through which intermediate can glycerol enter the glycolytic pathway?
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(A)
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
19
The HMP shunt metabolic pathway is present in which of the following?
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(D)
All of these
20
Which factor triggers the production of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase?
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(D)
Insulin
21
In the HMP shunt, what enzyme catalyzes the decarboxylation reaction?
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(C)
6-Phosphogluconate decarboxylase
22
What is the initial pentose sugar produced during the HMP shunt?
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(B)
Ribulose-5-phosphate
23
Which enzyme plays a regulatory role in the HMP shunt?
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(C)
Both (A) and (B)
24
What factors influence the speed of the HMP shunt reactions?
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(A)
Increased by Insulin
25
Which nucleotide is essential for the process of glycogenesis?
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(C)
UTP
26
What type of bond does glycogen synthetase create?
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(A)
α-1, 4-Glycosidic bonds
27
Which hormone enhances glycogenolysis?
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(B)
Insulin
28
Which hormone primarily stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver?
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(B)
Glucagon
29
What molecule is released from glycogen by glycogen phosphorylase?
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(C)
Glucose-1-phosphate
30
Following the action of phosphorylase, what is glycogen transformed into?
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(B)
dextrin
31
In which of the following tissues is the conversion of glucose-1-phosphate to free glucose not possible?
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(C)
Muscles
32
Which of the following molecules acts as a coenzyme in phosphorylase?
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(B)
Pyridoxal phosphate
33
What is the approximate ATP equivalent energy yield if glucose-1-phosphate, produced by glycogen breakdown in muscle, is fully converted to CO₂ and H₂O?
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(B)
3 ATP equivalents
34
How many subunits comprise a single molecule of phosphorylase kinase?
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(D)
16 subunits
35
To which type of subunit does cyclic AMP bind?
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(B)
Regulatory subunits of protein kinase
36
Which of the following cell types relies exclusively on glucose for its energy needs?
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(C)
Erythrocytes
37
Where does the glycerol-3-phosphate used to create triglycerides in fat tissue originate?
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(D)
Glucose
38
In which organ does gluconeogenesis not take place?
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(C)
Muscles
39
From which of the following substances can glucose not be created?
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(D)
Leucine
40
Which molecule serves as a coenzyme for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase?
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(C)
GTP
41
Which of the following is a therapeutic enzyme?
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(D)
Streptokinase and Asparaginase
42
Which enzyme facilitates gluconeogenesis?
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(C)
Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase
43
What mechanisms govern the regulation of Glucose-6-phosphatase and PEP carboxy kinase?
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(C)
Induction and repression
44
What is the longest possible carbon chain length during de novo fatty acid synthesis?
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(A)
16 Carbon atoms
45
From what source is Acetyl CoA derived for new fatty acid synthesis?
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(D)
Pyruvate and related processes
46
What enzyme(s) is/are necessary for the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA during fatty acid synthesis?
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(D)
All of the listed enzymes
47
Where does the primary elongation of medium-chain fatty acids occur?
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(C)
Microsomes
48
Which substance inhibits beta-oxidation of fatty acids?
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(C)
Malonyl CoA
49
Which enzyme controls fatty acid synthesis outside the mitochondria?
