Which of the following enzymes participates in the process of creating glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors?
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(B)
Pyruvate carboxylase
2
Where is the enzyme that converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate found?
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(B)
Mitochondria
3
What molecule is essential for the conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase?
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(D)
GTP
4
In which of the following tissues is glucose 6-phosphatase found?
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(A)
Liver
5
Which molecule acts as a regulator in the production of oxaloacetate from bicarbonate and pyruvate, a reaction facilitated by pyruvate carboxylase?
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(A)
Acetyl CoA
6
How many energy-carrying molecules are needed to turn two lactic acid molecules into glucose in the liver of animals?
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(D)
6
7
What compound is provided by the uronic acid pathway to assist in the modification of various substances before they are removed through urine?
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(A)
Active glucuronate
8
UDP glucose dehydrogenase utilizes which coenzyme to convert UDP glucose to UDP glucurronate?
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(A)
NAD+
9
What substance is found in elevated levels in the urine of individuals with pentosuria, a genetic condition?
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(A)
L-xylulose
10
Which type of enzyme is deficient in individuals with essential pentosuria?
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(A)
Reductase
11
In which organ does the body create galactose from glucose?
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(A)
Mammary gland
12
In which organ is galactose easily changed back into glucose?
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(A)
Liver
13
What enzyme facilitates the conversion of galactose 1-phosphate to uridine diphosphate galactose?
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(B)
Galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase
14
The most common reason for galactosemia is a lack of which of the following?
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(A)
Galactose 1-phosphate and uridyl transferase
15
Which enzyme is responsible for converting fructose into sorbitol?
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(B)
Aldose reductase
16
Why does the specific fructokinase found in the liver have a high affinity for fructose?
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(B)
K for fructose is very low
17
Which enzyme's activity is not influenced by insulin?
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(B)
Fructokinase
18
The buildup of which substance is a factor in the development of diabetic cataracts?
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(C)
Sorbitol
19
What enzyme is missing in individuals with hereditary fructose intolerance?
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(A)
Aldalose B
20
Which liver enzyme is absent in individuals with essential fructosuria?
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(D)
Fructokinase
21
In healthy people, when does glucose appear in urine, based on venous blood glucose concentration?
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(D)
9.5-10 mmol/L
22
What is the primary action of phlorizin in biological systems?
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(A)
Renal tubular reabsorption of glucose
23
Which of the following best describes the typical blood glucose and urine characteristics in renal glycosuria?
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(C)
Normal blood glucose level with glycosuria
24
In individuals with a sensitivity to fava beans, which enzyme deficiency is the primary cause of acute hemolytic anemia?
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(B)
G-6-PD
25
What enzyme deficiency is linked to hemolytic episodes triggered by the antimalarial drug primaquine?
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(B)
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
26
What is the optimal pH range for the activity of gastric lipase?
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(A)
3.0-6.0
27
What is the ideal pH for pancreatic lipase to function most effectively?
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(C)
6.0
28
Which of the following substances activates gastric lipase?
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(A)
Bile salts
29
Which of the options below represents a type of enzyme inhibition?
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(D)
All of these
30
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of acyl-CoA to Δ²-trans-enoyl-CoA?
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(B)
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
31
Which enzyme splits 3-ketoacyl-CoA at the 2, 3 position during β-oxidation?
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(D)
Thiolase
32
What compound is produced alongside acetyl-CoA when fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms undergo oxidation?
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(B)
Propionyl-CoA
33
Considering the α-oxidation of palmitic acid, what is the approximate yield of high-energy phosphates for each of the initial 7 acetyl-CoA molecules produced?
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(D)
35
34
Approximately how many ATP molecules are gained net per mole of palmitic acid upon complete oxidation?
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(C)
129
35
What type of enzymes are involved in ω-oxidation, a generally minor pathway?
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(C)
Cytochrome c
36
In which tissue has α-oxidation, the process of removing a single carbon atom from the carboxyl end of a molecule, been found?
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(A)
Brain tissue
37
In the β-oxidation pathway, what coenzyme is required by acyl-CoA dehydrogenase?
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(D)
FAD
38
What coenzyme is essential for the dehydrogenation of 3-hydroxy acyl-CoA?
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(C)
NAD
39
Under standard conditions, what is the typical maximum concentration of ketone bodies in the bloodstream?
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(A)
0.2 mmol/L
40
Under normal conditions, how much ketone bodies are typically eliminated through urine in humans within a 24-hour period?
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(A)
1 mg/24 hr
41
Which organ is primarily responsible for producing ketone bodies in significant amounts for circulation?
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(C)
Liver
42
What molecule initiates the process of ketogenesis?
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(C)
Acetoacetyl-CoA
43
The enzymes involved in creating ketone bodies are predominantly located within the
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(A)
Mitochondria
44
Where can the synthesis of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA take place?
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(C)
In both the cytosol and mitochondria
45
In the liver's process of making acetoacetate from acetyl-CoA, which molecule directly precedes acetoacetate?
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(A)
Acetoacetyl-CoA
46
Ketone bodies provide energy for which type of tissues?
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(A)
Tissues outside the liver
47
In tissues other than the liver, how is acetoacetate typically used?
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(B)
Via Succinyl-CoA
48
What does ketosis indicate?
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(B)
Heightened fatty acid breakdown
49
Which medical condition is linked with ketosis?
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(B)
Diabetes mellitus
50
The primary site for new fatty acid synthesis is the
