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Quick Biochemistry - Water And Electrolyte Balance (Section 3)

1
Repeated instances of vomiting can result in the depletion of which substance?
Answer
(B)
Chloride
2
What characterizes the mandatory reabsorption of water?
Answer
(D)
Driven by the reabsorption of other substances
3
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone?
Answer
(D)
Targets the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts
4
In which of these conditions is there an elevated excretion of water via urine?
Answer
(D)
All of the above
5
What is the primary underlying cause of diabetes insipidus?
Answer
(B)
Reduced ADH production
6
How do thiazide diuretics exert their effect?
Answer
(D)
By interfering with sodium reabsorption in the distal tubules
7
In which part of the nephron does furosemide primarily block the reabsorption of sodium and chloride?
Answer
(B)
Loop of Henle
8
Which of the following medications acts by blocking the effects of aldosterone?
Answer
(A)
Spironolactone
9
Given a solution with a pH of 7.4, what is the concentration of hydrogen ions?
Answer
(B)
40 nmol/L
10
At a pH of 7.4, what is the proportion of bicarbonate to dissolved carbon dioxide?
Answer
(C)
20:1
11
What is the most important buffer system, by measurable amount, found in blood plasma?
Answer
(B)
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
12
If a solution with phosphate buffer has a pH of 7.4, what is the ratio of monohydrogen phosphate to dihydrogen phosphate?
Answer
(A)
4:1
13
What is the pK value of dihydrogen phosphate?
Answer
(C)
6.8
14
What part of hemoglobin is mostly responsible for its buffering action?
Answer
(C)
Histidine residues
15
What causes respiratory acidosis?
Answer
(A)
Retention of carbon dioxide
16
Which of these conditions would NOT typically lead to respiratory acidosis?
Answer
(B)
Hysterical hyperventilation
17
What is the first change that occurs in respiratory acidosis?
Answer
(B)
Increase in pCO2
18
In which of these situations is respiratory alkalosis likely to occur?
Answer
(C)
Hysterical hyperventilation
19
What is the initial change observed in respiratory alkalosis?
Answer
(B)
Decrease in pCO2
20
The anion gap represents the difference in plasma concentrations of what?
Answer
(C)
(Sodium + Potassium) - (Chloride + Bicarbonate)
21
Approximately what value represents a typical anion gap in blood plasma?
Answer
(B)
15 meq/L
22
In which condition would the anion gap typically remain within a normal range?
Answer
(A)
Hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis
23
In which of the following scenarios is an elevated anion gap typically observed?
Answer
(B)
Metabolic acidosis resulting from diarrhoea
24
The anion gap observed in blood plasma is primarily attributed to
Answer
(B)
Cations outnumber anions in plasma
25
Which of the following conditions is commonly associated with salicylate toxicity?
Answer
(C)
Metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap
26
Which of the following is NOT typically a contributor to the anion gap in plasma?
Answer
(A)
Bicarbonate
27
Which of the following blood chemistry findings is NOT characteristic of uncompensated lactic acidosis?
Answer
(D)
Anion gap is normal
28
Which statement about renal tubular acidosis is incorrect?
Answer
(D)
Anion gap is decreased
29
In severe diarrhea, which change in blood chemistry is least likely to occur?
Answer
(C)
Increased pCO2
30
During the process of compensating for respiratory alkalosis, which of the following changes does NOT usually occur?
Answer
(D)
Increased excretion of ammonia in urine
31
In a case of compensated respiratory acidosis, which of the following blood chemistry alterations would you expect to observe?
Answer
(D)
All of the above
32
Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause metabolic alkalosis?
Answer
(C)
Repeated instances of vomiting
33
In a scenario of uncompensated metabolic alkalosis, which of these blood chemistry characteristics would NOT be present?
Answer
(D)
Typical pCO2 levels
34
What is the definition of one joule in terms of energy?
Answer
(D)
The energy needed to move a 1-kilogram mass a distance of 1 meter using a force of 1 Newton
35
Which of the following would be classified as a small-molecule organic compound?
Answer
(A)
Urea
36
Which of these choices represents a large-molecule organic substance?
Answer
(D)
Proteins
37
Which hormone plays a key role in the regulation of body water?
Answer
(A)
Oxytocin
38
Which enzyme is activated by the presence of calcium?
Answer
(D)
ATPase
39
Which of the following vitamins contains cobalt as a component?
Answer
(B)
Vitamin B12
40
What factor is essential for the absorption of calcium?
Answer
(A)
Fatty acids
41
What is a typical pH level for urine?
Answer
(B)
6.0