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Quick Biochemistry - Hormone Metabolism (Section 6)

1
When catecholamines attach to αadrenergic receptors, what is the effect on intracellular cAMP levels?
Answer
(C)
Lowers intracellular cAMP
2
Upon binding catecholamines, which receptor initiates the phosphoinositide cascade?
Answer
(A)
α₁-Adrenergic receptors
3
Which metabolic process is reduced by the presence of epinephrine?
Answer
(A)
Glycogenesis
4
Epinephrine elevates the level of free fatty acids in blood by stimulating which process?
Answer
(D)
Lipolysis in fat cells
5
Which of the following is not increased by epinephrine?
Answer
(C)
Glucose production in muscles
6
In which medical condition is catecholamine secretion elevated?
Answer
(C)
Phaeochromocytoma
7
What type of hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex's zona glomerulosa?
Answer
(A)
Glucocorticoids
8
What type of hormone is cortisol?
Answer
(B)
Mineralocorticoid
9
Which hormone is the main mineralocorticoid?
Answer
(C)
Aldactone A
10
Which of the following tissues does not synthesize steroid hormones?
Answer
(A)
Testes
11
What molecule serves as the precursor for the synthesis of steroid hormones?
Answer
(A)
Cholesterol
12
Which of the following compounds is a shared component in the production of all steroid hormones?
Answer
(A)
Pregnenolone
13
Which compound acts as a shared intermediate in the production of both cortisol and aldosterone?
Answer
(A)
Progesterone
14
What is a common precursor in the production of estrogens?
Answer
(B)
Andostenedione
15
How are glucocorticoids primarily transported in the bloodstream?
Answer
(D)
All of these
16
Which of the following statements regarding transcortin is false?
Answer
(C)
It transports aldosterone
17
What is the mechanism of action of glucocorticoids in terms of secondary messengers?
Answer
(D)
No second messenger is required
18
Which of the following processes is NOT increased by glucocorticoids?
Answer
(C)
Synthesis of eicosanoids
19
Which of the following is NOT a product of glucocorticoid-stimulated synthesis?
Answer
(A)
Glucokinase
20
The release of glucocorticoids is regulated by all EXCEPT:
Answer
(C)
Feedback control by blood glucose
21
What effect does an overproduction of glucocorticoids have on blood sugar levels, and how is this effect achieved?
Answer
(C)
Raising sugar levels by stimulating new sugar creation
22
Which of the following substances is *not* primarily regulated by mineralocorticoids in the body's metabolic processes?
Answer
(C)
A non-metal element commonly found in table salt
23
Mineralocorticoids influence kidney function by boosting the reuptake of which substances from the tubules?
Answer
(C)
An element found in salt and a non-metal element found in salt
24
Mineralocorticoids influence kidney function by boosting the release of which substances into the tubules?
Answer
(B)
An element involved in nerve function
25
Which of the following factors stimulates the release of mineralocorticoids?
Answer
(B)
A protein involved in blood pressure regulation
26
What electrolyte imbalance is associated with Addison's disease, where the body retains too much of it?
Answer
(A)
An element involved in nerve function
27
In a condition resulting from a complete absence of an enzyme in the adrenal cortex, what are the key hormonal imbalances observed?
Answer
(D)
All of the above
28
What is the primary function of spironolactone in relation to other hormones?
Answer
(C)
It blocks a steroid hormone that controls electrolyte balance
29
Where are androgens primarily produced?
Answer
(A)
Cells responsible for sperm production
30
Which protein primarily carries testosterone through the bloodstream?
Answer
(C)
A protein that binds to the male and female sex hormones
31
What are the breakdown products of androgens?
Answer
(B)
17-Ketosteroids
32
Which androgen exhibits greater potency compared to testosterone?
Answer
(B)
Dihydrotestosterone
33
Which hormone stimulates the release of androgens?
Answer
(A)
LH
34
In the later stages of pregnancy, where does the majority of progesterone originate?
Answer
(B)
Placenta
35
How is progesterone primarily carried within the bloodstream?
Answer
(A)
Transcortin
36
What is the primary substance produced when progesterone is metabolized?
Answer
(B)
Pregnanediol
37
Regarding progesterone secretion, which statement is accurate?
Answer
(B)
Is more in second half of menstrual cycle than in first half
38
After menopause, women are at an increased risk of osteoporosis due to reduced levels of which hormone?
Answer
(C)
Secretion of estrogen
39
Which hormone is utilized to confirm a pregnancy?
Answer
(D)
Chorionic gonadotropin
40
The placenta produces all of the following hormones except:
Answer
(A)
FSH
41
What is the number of amino acids that make up gastrin?
Answer
(C)
Seventeen
42
In which part of the gastrin molecule is its biological activity found?
Answer
(B)
C-terminal four amino acids
43
Which of the following is NOT true regarding β-endorphin?
Answer
(D)
Its effects are not blocked by morphine
44
Which statement about epidermal growth factor is false?
Answer
(B)
It has a quaternary structure
45
Met-enkephalin is best described as which of the following?
Answer
(B)
A pentapeptide
46
Which substance is responsible for the vasoconstrictor effect of ADH?
Answer
(C)
Protein kinase C
47
What enzyme controls the speed of catecholamine synthesis?
Answer
(B)
Tyrosine hydroxylase
48
What substance can inhibit Dopa decarboxylase?
Answer
(C)
α-Methyldopa
49
What inhibits the function of Tyrosine hydroxylase?
Answer
(A)
Catecholamines
50
In which of the following conditions is the urinary excretion of vanillyl madelic acid elevated?
Answer
(A)
Phaeochromocytoma