Both phenol and benzoic acid are soluble in NaOH, so they cannot be separated.

C₆H₅OH + NaOH $$\to$$ C₆H₅ONa + H₂O

C₆H₅COOH + NaOH $$\to$$ C₆H₅COONa + H₂O

Benzel alcohol C₆H₅CH₂OH is not soluble in NaOH and NaHCO₃, while benzoic acid is soluble in both, so these can be separated. Both C₆H₅OH and C₆H₅CH₂OH are insoluble in NaHCO₃, so they cannot be separated. C₆H₅CH₂COOH is soluble in NaOH and NaHCO₃, whereas benzyl alcohol is not soluble in NaOH and NaHCO₃. So, they can be separated.