JEE MAIN - Mathematics (2025 - 7th April Evening Shift - No. 5)
Explanation
Define the Events:
Let $A$ be the event that an unbiased coin is drawn.
Let $B$ be the event that the coin with heads on both sides is drawn.
Let $H$ be the event that a head turns up when the coin is tossed.
State the Given Probabilities:
$P(A) = \frac{19}{20}$ (since there are 19 unbiased coins out of 20 total coins)
$P(B) = \frac{1}{20}$ (since there is 1 coin with two heads out of 20 total coins)
$P(H|A) = \frac{1}{2}$ (probability of getting a head given an unbiased coin is drawn)
$P(H|B) = 1$ (probability of getting a head given the coin with two heads is drawn)
Use Bayes' Theorem:
We want to find $P(A|H)$, which is the probability that the drawn coin was unbiased given that a head turned up. Bayes' Theorem states:
$$P(A|H) = \frac{P(H|A) \cdot P(A)}{P(H)}$$
Calculate $P(H)$:
We can find $P(H)$ using the law of total probability:
$$P(H) = P(H|A) \cdot P(A) + P(H|B) \cdot P(B)$$
$$P(H) = \left(\frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{19}{20}\right) + (1) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{20}\right) = \frac{19}{40} + \frac{1}{20} = \frac{19}{40} + \frac{2}{40} = \frac{21}{40}$$
Apply Bayes' Theorem to find $P(A|H)$:
$$P(A|H) = \frac{P(H|A) \cdot P(A)}{P(H)} = \frac{\left(\frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{19}{20}\right)}{\frac{21}{40}} = \frac{\frac{19}{40}}{\frac{21}{40}} = \frac{19}{21}$$
Determine $m$ and $n$:
Since $P(A|H) = \frac{m}{n}$ and $\gcd(m, n) = 1$, we have $m = 19$ and $n = 21$.
Calculate $n^2 - m^2$:
$$n^2 - m^2 = 21^2 - 19^2 = (21 + 19)(21 - 19) = (40)(2) = 80$$
Therefore, $n^2 - m^2 = 80$.
So, the correct answer is:
Option B: 80
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