God gave the Ten Commandments to the Israelites after delivering them from slavery in Egypt. This is clearly stated in Exodus 20:1-2 (RSV):

"And God spoke all these words, saying, 'I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage.'"

The commandments were given as a covenant to guide the Israelites in their relationship with God and one another. They were meant to shape them into a holy nation, set apart for God's purpose.