JAMB - Biology (2025 - No. 88)
Explanation
Sneezing is an automatic, involuntary response to an irritant in the nasal passage, functioning as a protective mechanism to expel foreign matter. It occurs without conscious thought and is a classic example of an unconditioned (inborn) reflex action.
B. walking is a voluntary action, which is controlled by the brain and involves conscious effort and coordination. You decide when and where to walk.
C. dancing is also a voluntary action involving learned motor skills and coordination, although it can become more automatic with practice. There is a "dancing reflex" in newborns, but in the context of general human action, dancing is voluntary.
D. crying is a complex, voluntary or involuntary action (an emotion-driven response controlled by the brain, not a simple protective reflex arc like sneezing). While an infant's cry might be an involuntary response to discomfort, the act of crying in general human behavior is not typically classified as a simple reflex action in the same category as a sneeze or knee-jerk reaction.
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