The prevalence of pests and diseases is considered a biotic factor because it involves interactions between living organisms. Biotic factors include all living components of an ecosystem, such as microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses), insects, and parasites that affect the survival, growth, and reproduction of other plants and animals. Pests and disease-causing pathogens are living entities that directly interact with their hosts through predation, parasitism, or competition.

A. abiotic factor are non-living physical and chemical components of an environment, such as temperature, sunlight, and water.

B. edaphic factor are specific abiotic factors related to the soil, such as pH, mineral content, and soil texture.

D. climatic factor are abiotic factors related to weather and climate, such as rainfall, humidity, and wind.