What is the main product of the digestion of carbohydrates?
Answer
(C)
Glucose
2
Which of the following is a characteristic of Type 1 Diabetes?
Answer
(B)
Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
3
What is the typical fasting blood glucose level that would lead to a diagnosis of diabetes?
Answer
(C)
126 mg/dL or higher
4
Which of the following hormones is released in response to low blood glucose levels?
Answer
(B)
Glucagon
5
What is the key protective role of NADPH in red blood cells?
Answer
(B)
Reduces oxidative stress
6
Which hormone stimulates glycogenolysis?
Answer
(B)
Glucagon
7
Which of the following are products of the Citric Acid Cycle?
Answer
A
B
C
D
8
In the liver, insulin stimulates the use of glucose by:
1) Glycogen synthase
2) Phosphofructokinase
3) Pyruvate kinase
4) Glucokinase
Answer
(C)
2, 3, 4
9
Drugs that increase insulin sensitivity such as thiazolidinediones and metformin are drugs that are used to treat:
Answer
(B)
Type II diabetes
10
What is the role of UDP-glucose in glycogenesis?
Answer
(A)
It is a substrate for glycogen synthase.
11
What is the process of breaking down glycogen called?
Answer
(D)
Glycogenolysis
12
Which of the following enzymes is responsible for transferring a chain of three glucose residues from one branch to another during glycogenolysis?
Answer
(C)
Debranching enzyme
13
What is the main product of the pentose phosphate pathway?
Answer
(B)
NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate
14
What is the main function of the pentose phosphate pathway?
Answer
(B)
To produce NADPH and pentose phosphates.
15
Which enzyme is responsible for removing glucose monomers from a glycogen branch?
Answer
(C)
Debranching enzyme
16
Which of the following best describes the role of glycogen synthase?
Answer
B
C
17
Which of the following enzymes is involved in the bypass of phosphofructokinase-1?
Answer
(C)
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
18
Which of the following is involved in the conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA?
Answer
A
B
C
19
What is the primary role of insulin in carbohydrate metabolism?
Answer
(C)
Increase glucose uptake by cells
20
Which condition is characterized by the presence of glucose in the urine?
Answer
(D)
Glycosuria
21
Which of the following is the starting point for fatty acid synthesis?
Answer
(A)
Acetyl-CoA
22
Which of the following metabolic pathways is activated by insulin?
Answer
A
B
23
Which of the following enzymes is NOT involved in the regulation of gluconeogenesis?
Answer
(D)
Hexokinase
24
Which enzyme deficiency causes Galactosemia?
Answer
(D)
UDP-galactose-4-epimerase
25
What is the significance of NADPH in cells?
Answer
(B)
It is an electron carrier used in anabolic reactions
26
In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, what molecule is released?
Answer
(A)
CO2
27
Which of the following is the substrate for the enzyme aldolase B?
Answer
(B)
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
28
Which hormone stimulates glycogenolysis?
Answer
(B)
Glucagon
29
What is the significance of the Cori Cycle?
Answer
(A)
Production of glucose from lactate in the liver
30
Which enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycolysis?
Answer
(B)
Phosphofructokinase-1
31
Which of the following is an end-product of glycolysis?
Answer
A
B
D
32
What is the key function of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)?
Answer
(B)
Production of NADPH and precursor metabolites for nucleotide synthesis
33
What is the role of the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH)?
Answer
(B)
To convert pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
34
Which of the following is the regulatory enzyme in glycogenolysis?
Answer
(B)
Glycogen phosphorylase
35
Which of the following is a key enzyme in the synthesis of fatty acids?
Answer
(B)
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
36
Which of the following is a key characteristic of a normal glucose tolerance curve?
Answer
(B)
Initial response to glucose load is within the normal fasting range (70 to 99 mg/dL)
37
Which of the following stimulates glycolysis?
Answer
(C)
AMP
38
What is the precursor for the formation of glucose through gluconeogenesis?
Answer
(B)
Pyruvate
39
The first step in the pathway regulated by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is the rate limiting enzyme. What is the condition that stimulates the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase?
Answer
(C)
Low levels of NADPH
40
Which of the following is an important function of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?
Answer
B
C
41
Which of the following is a key enzyme in the regulation of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)?
Answer
(A)
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
42
Which of the following is a precursor for gluconeogenesis?
Answer
A
B
C
43
Which of the following is a characteristic of Type 2 diabetes?
Answer
B
C
44
Which hormone promotes gluconeogenesis?
Answer
(D)
Both Glucagon and Epinephrine
45
What is the primary function of glucagon in glucose metabolism?
Answer
(C)
Stimulate glycogenolysis
46
In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, which coenzyme is required?
Answer
(A)
CoA
47
What is the key regulatory step in the Cori cycle?
Answer
(B)
Conversion of lactate to pyruvate in the liver
48
What are the main components of the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)?
Answer
(A)
Administering a glucose load and measuring blood glucose levels over time
49
What condition results in the excretion of L-xylulose in the urine?
Answer
(D)
Deficiency of L-xylulose reductase
50
Which of the following is a key function of the liver in carbohydrate metabolism?
