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Biology for IGCSE & O level - Inheritance (Section 9)

1
What is the purpose of crossing over during meiosis?
Answer
(C)
To increase genetic diversity.
2
What process occurs during the first division of meiosis (Meiosis I)?
Answer
(B)
Homologous chromosomes separate.
3
In humans, how many pairs of autosomes are present in a normal somatic cell?
Answer
(B)
22
4
During Meiosis, when does independent assortment occur?
Answer
(C)
Metaphase I
5
What happens during anaphase I of meiosis? (Select all that apply)
Answer
(A)
Homologous chromosomes separate.
6
What is a mutation?
Answer
(A)
A change in the genetic code.
7
Which type of RNA is a structural component of ribosomes?
Answer
(C)
rRNA
8
Which of the following statements correctly describe the relationship between genotype and phenotype?
Answer
C
D
9
Which of the following processes can lead to mutations? (Select all that apply)
Answer
A
B
C
10
Where does translation occur in a eukaryotic cell?
Answer
(C)
Cytoplasm
11
What happens during telophase of mitosis?
Answer
(B)
The nuclear envelope reforms around the chromosomes.
12
Where does protein synthesis take place?
Answer
(C)
Cytoplasm
13
What determines the sex of a human offspring?
Answer
(B)
The presence of a Y chromosome.
14
Which of the following are examples of traits that exhibit complete dominance?
Answer
(B)
Pea plant seed shape
15
Which statements accurately describe the differences between mitosis and meiosis? (Select all that apply)
Answer
A
C
D
16
What happens during cytokinesis?
Answer
(B)
The cell divides into two daughter cells.
17
During what phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate?
Answer
(B)
Metaphase
18
What is the importance of the Y chromosome?
Answer
(A)
It contains the genes that determines maleness
19
Which of the following contribute to the genetic variation during sexual reproduction? (Select all that apply)
Answer
A
B
20
What are the possible genotypes for a person with blood type O?
Answer
(C)
ii
21
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
Answer
(C)
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
22
What is the process in which the genetic information from DNA is used to make a protein?
Answer
(B)
Translation
23
What are the main differences between mitosis and meiosis?
Answer
A
C
D
24
If a person has type B blood, what are their possible genotypes?
Answer
(B)
BB, or BO
25
Which of the following best describes the relationship between genotype and phenotype?
Answer
(A)
Genotype directly determines the phenotype.
26
What is the difference between a chromosome and a chromatid?
Answer
(A)
A chromosome is a single DNA molecule, while a chromatid is a duplicated chromosome.
27
What is the purpose of the promoter region in a gene?
Answer
(B)
To provide a binding site for RNA polymerase.
28
How many amino acids are commonly found in proteins?
Answer
(B)
20
29
Which of the following are steps in the process of transcription? (Select all that apply)
Answer
A
B
C
30
What does the term 'diploid' refer to?
Answer
(B)
A cell with the full number of chromosomes
31
What is the purpose of the spindle fibers during mitosis?
Answer
(B)
To separate the sister chromatids
32
What does the term "genotype" refer to?
Answer
(B)
The genetic makeup of an organism.
33
During what phase of the cell cycle does the cell grow and prepare for division?
Answer
(C)
G2 phase
34
What is the function of ribosomes in protein synthesis?
Answer
(B)
To translate mRNA into protein.
35
How many alleles does an individual normally inherit for a particular gene?
Answer
(B)
2
36
Which of the following processes are involved in meiosis?
Answer
A
B
C
D
37
In humans, the sex of the offspring is determined by:
Answer
A
D
38
How many chromosomes are typically found in a human sperm cell?
Answer
(A)
23
39
What is the main difference between cytokinesis in animal cells and plant cells?
Answer
(B)
Plant cells form a cell plate, animal cells form a cleavage furrow.
40
What is the final product of Meiosis?
Answer
(D)
Four haploid cells
41
What is the role of the dominant allele?
Answer
(B)
It masks the expression of the recessive allele.
42
What are the key roles of enzymes in cells? (Select all that apply)
Answer
A
C
43
What is the probability of producing a homozygous recessive offspring (aa) from a cross between two heterozygous parents (Aa x Aa)?
Answer
(B)
25%
44
In Meiosis, what is the first division known as?
Answer
(A)
Meiosis I
45
What is the key difference between a monohybrid and a dihybrid cross?
Answer
(B)
Monohybrid crosses examine one trait, while dihybrid crosses examine two traits.
46
Which of the following is true regarding codominance?
Answer
(C)
Both alleles are equally expressed in the phenotype.
47
In human blood type, the alleles for A and B are codominant. What is the blood type of a person with both the A and B alleles?
Answer
(D)
AB
48
What are the products of Meiosis II?
Answer
(D)
Four haploid cells
49
What is the role of enzymes in cells?
Answer
(B)
To speed up chemical reactions.
50
What type of RNA is involved in transporting amino acids to the ribosomes?
Answer
(B)
tRNA