What substance is typically found in higher than normal amounts in the urine of individuals with pheochromocytoma?
პასუხი
(C)
Vinylmandelic acid
2
In the process of creating epinephrine, which enzyme does the drug disulfiram (used to treat alcohol abuse) block?
პასუხი
(B)
Dopamine β-hydroxylase
3
Which enzyme is essential for the creation of both Catecholamine and serotonin?
პასუხი
(B)
N-methyl transferase
4
In what tissues does epinephrine trigger the breakdown of glycogen?
პასუხი
(C)
Liver and muscle
5
What is a likely physiological response to consuming a strong cup of coffee?
პასუხი
(C)
Enhance the effect of epinephrine
6
Through which process is epinephrine created from norepinephrine?
პასუხი
(D)
N-methylation
7
A negative result on a 5 HIAA test could be expected if the patient is taking which medication?
პასუხი
(C)
Phenothiazone
8
The presence of a significant quantity of 5-HIAA in urine often points to what medical condition?
პასუხი
(C)
Metastasis of carcinoma of liver
9
What is considered a normal concentration range for triiodothyronine (T3) in serum?
პასუხი
(B)
0.7-2.0 ng/ml
10
What is a typical range for the concentration of thyroxine (T₄) in serum?
პასუხი
(B)
5.5-13.5 µg/100 ml
11
Overproduction of thyroid hormones leads to which condition?
პასუხი
(A)
Hyperthyroidism
12
A deficiency of free T₃ and T₄ leads to
პასუხი
(B)
Mysoedema
13
In the context of primary hypothyroidism, what is the most valuable measurement to assess?
პასუხი
(D)
Autoantibodies
14
If iodine levels are adequate, what is the approximate T₃ to T₄ ratio in thyroglobulin?
პასუხი
(C)
1:7
15
Which substance interferes with the thyroid gland's ability to absorb iodide?
პასუხი
(A)
Thiocynate
16
Which component is found within the Thyroperoxidase enzyme?
პასუხი
(A)
Heme
17
The Thyroperoxidase enzyme uses hydrogen peroxide for oxidation. How is the H₂O₂ generated?
პასუხი
(D)
NADPH dependent enzyme
18
TSH is composed of two subunits. The α-subunits of TSH, LH, and FSH share similarities. Therefore, the specificity must come from the β subunit, containing how many amino acids?
პასუხი
(B)
112
19
TSH stimulates the production of
პასუხი
(A)
Thyroxine
20
Thyroid hormones are created by adding iodine to which amino acid?
პასუხი
(D)
Tyrosine
21
Approximately how many tyrosine residues are found in each thyroglobulin molecule?
პასუხი
(C)
115
22
What is the approximate percentage of inactive precursors (monoidotyrosine and diiodotyrosine) within thyroglobulin?
პასუხი
(D)
70
23
How many amino acids are typically present in parathormone?
პასუხი
(B)
84
24
Which amino acid sequence is crucial for the biological activity of parathormone?
პასუხი
(B)
1-34
25
What is one effect of PTH?
პასუხი
(A)
Reduces the renal clearance or excretion of calcium
26
How many amino acids are in the peptide hormone calcitonin?
პასუხი
(C)
32
27
What effect does calcitonin generally produce?
პასუხი
(A)
Calcinuria and phosphaturia
28
A key feature of hyperparathyroidism is often
პასუხი
(D)
High serum calcium and low serum phosphate
29
Under what condition is parathyroid hormone typically released?
პასუხი
(C)
Is secreted when Ca++ is too low
30
What hormone is produced by the 8-Cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas?
პასუხი
(C)
Somatostatin
31
What do the B-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans produce?
პასუხი
(A)
Insulin
32
Which tissue does insulin primarily act upon?
პასუხი
(D)
Liver
33
Insulin is composed of two chains. What are the approximate lengths of the A and B chains in terms of amino acids?
პასუხი
(B)
21 and 30
34
In the A chain of the insulin molecule, which amino acid is found at the beginning of the chain?
პასუხი
(A)
Glycine
35
At the end of the A chain in the insulin molecule, which amino acid is located?
პასუხი
(A)
Asparagine
36
What is the first amino acid in the B chain of the insulin molecule?
პასუხი
(C)
Phenylalanine
37
At the end of the B chain in the insulin molecule, which amino acid is present?
პასუხი
(A)
Threonine
38
How many connections, formed by sulfur atoms, exist between the insulin chains?
პასუხი
(B)
2
39
Within a single chain of the insulin molecule, how many connections are formed by sulfur atoms?
პასუხი
(A)
1
40
What element is necessary for insulin to aggregate into larger structures?
პასუხი
(D)
Zinc
41
Approximately how many amino acids are present in pre-pro insulin?
პასუხი
(C)
109
42
How many amino acids are typically found in proinsulin?
პასუხი
(B)
86 amino acids
43
In a healthy adult male, what is the approximate daily insulin secretion?
პასუხი
(D)
50 units
44
What is the approximate insulin content of the pancreas?
პასუხი
(D)
200-250 units
45
What is the approximate half-life of insulin?
პასუხი
(A)
< 3-5 minutes
46
Which metabolic process is stimulated by insulin?
პასუხი
(B)
Hepatic glycogenesis
47
What effect does insulin have on lipid metabolism?
პასუხი
(B)
It decreases lipolysis and increases triglyceride synthesis
48
Insulin enhances the function of which enzyme?
პასუხი
(A)
Pyruvate kinase
49
Which enzyme's activity is reduced by insulin?
პასუხი
(A)
CAMP dependent protein kinase
50
On which chromosome's short arm is the human insulin gene located?
