Which of the following enzymes does NOT exhibit allosteric regulation?
პასუხი
(C)
Succinate thiokinase
2
Which of the following is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle?
პასუხი
(C)
Pyruvate
3
Which of the following citric acid cycle intermediates CANNOT be derived from amino acids?
პასუხი
(C)
Malate
4
Where does the process of glycolysis take place?
პასუხი
(B)
Cytosol
5
What is the final product of aerobic glycolysis?
პასუხი
(C)
Pyruvate
6
Under conditions of fasting, which enzyme is primarily responsible for glucose phosphorylation?
პასუხი
(A)
Hexokinase
7
Where can glucokinase be found?
პასუხი
(C)
Liver
8
What is the net energy gain (in ATP equivalents) from each glucose molecule in anaerobic glycolysis?
პასუხი
(A)
2 ATP equivalents
9
Which of the listed enzymes is regulated allosterically?
პასუხი
(D)
Phosphofructokinase
10
In which of these locations is glycolysis anaerobic?
პასუხი
(D)
Erythrocytes
11
Which substance acts as an allosteric inhibitor of phosphofructokinase?
პასუხი
(D)
Citrate
12
Which molecule functions as an allosteric inhibitor for glucose-6-phosphate?
პასუხი
(B)
Hexokinase
13
In the context of enzyme regulation, ATP serves as both a co-substrate and an allosteric inhibitor for which enzyme?
პასუხი
(A)
Phosphofructokinase
14
The complete breakdown of a single glucose molecule into carbon dioxide and water generates approximately how many ATP molecules?
პასუხი
(D)
38 ATP equivalents
15
Which unique compound is produced during glycolysis specifically in red blood cells?
პასუხი
(C)
2, 3-Biphosphoglycerate
16
Which enzyme in the given list utilizes inorganic phosphate in its reaction?
პასუხი
(A)
Phosphoglycerate kinase
17
The Rapoport-Luebering cycle is primarily found in which type of cells?
პასუხი
(D)
Erythrocytes
18
Through which intermediate can glycerol enter the glycolytic pathway?
პასუხი
(A)
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
19
The HMP shunt metabolic pathway is present in which of the following?
პასუხი
(D)
All of these
20
Which factor triggers the production of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase?
პასუხი
(D)
Insulin
21
In the HMP shunt, what enzyme catalyzes the decarboxylation reaction?
პასუხი
(C)
6-Phosphogluconate decarboxylase
22
What is the initial pentose sugar produced during the HMP shunt?
პასუხი
(B)
Ribulose-5-phosphate
23
Which enzyme plays a regulatory role in the HMP shunt?
პასუხი
(C)
Both (A) and (B)
24
What factors influence the speed of the HMP shunt reactions?
პასუხი
(A)
Increased by Insulin
25
Which nucleotide is essential for the process of glycogenesis?
პასუხი
(C)
UTP
26
What type of bond does glycogen synthetase create?
პასუხი
(A)
α-1, 4-Glycosidic bonds
27
Which hormone enhances glycogenolysis?
პასუხი
(B)
Insulin
28
Which hormone primarily stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver?
პასუხი
(B)
Glucagon
29
What molecule is released from glycogen by glycogen phosphorylase?
პასუხი
(C)
Glucose-1-phosphate
30
Following the action of phosphorylase, what is glycogen transformed into?
პასუხი
(B)
dextrin
31
In which of the following tissues is the conversion of glucose-1-phosphate to free glucose not possible?
პასუხი
(C)
Muscles
32
Which of the following molecules acts as a coenzyme in phosphorylase?
პასუხი
(B)
Pyridoxal phosphate
33
What is the approximate ATP equivalent energy yield if glucose-1-phosphate, produced by glycogen breakdown in muscle, is fully converted to CO₂ and H₂O?
პასუხი
(B)
3 ATP equivalents
34
How many subunits comprise a single molecule of phosphorylase kinase?
პასუხი
(D)
16 subunits
35
To which type of subunit does cyclic AMP bind?
პასუხი
(B)
Regulatory subunits of protein kinase
36
Which of the following cell types relies exclusively on glucose for its energy needs?
პასუხი
(C)
Erythrocytes
37
Where does the glycerol-3-phosphate used to create triglycerides in fat tissue originate?
პასუხი
(D)
Glucose
38
In which organ does gluconeogenesis not take place?
პასუხი
(C)
Muscles
39
From which of the following substances can glucose not be created?
პასუხი
(D)
Leucine
40
Which molecule serves as a coenzyme for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase?
პასუხი
(C)
GTP
41
Which of the following is a therapeutic enzyme?
პასუხი
(D)
Streptokinase and Asparaginase
42
Which enzyme facilitates gluconeogenesis?
პასუხი
(C)
Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase
43
What mechanisms govern the regulation of Glucose-6-phosphatase and PEP carboxy kinase?
პასუხი
(C)
Induction and repression
44
What is the longest possible carbon chain length during de novo fatty acid synthesis?
პასუხი
(A)
16 Carbon atoms
45
From what source is Acetyl CoA derived for new fatty acid synthesis?
პასუხი
(D)
Pyruvate and related processes
46
What enzyme(s) is/are necessary for the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA during fatty acid synthesis?
პასუხი
(D)
All of the listed enzymes
47
Where does the primary elongation of medium-chain fatty acids occur?
პასუხი
(C)
Microsomes
48
Which substance inhibits beta-oxidation of fatty acids?
პასუხი
(C)
Malonyl CoA
49
Which enzyme controls fatty acid synthesis outside the mitochondria?
