Quick Biochemistry - Mineral Metabolism (Section 6)
1
Which condition involves impaired excretion of conjugated bilirubin from liver cells into the bile ducts?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
Rotor's syndrome
2
Approximately how much bilirubin is produced from the breakdown of 1 gram of hemoglobin?
پاسخ دهید
(B)
35 mg of bilirubin
3
In which of the following are variable regions found?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
All of these
4
Roughly, what is the total amount of calcium found in an average adult male?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
1 kg
5
What percentage of total body calcium is typically found in bones and teeth?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
99%
6
What is the typical range for plasma calcium levels in a healthy individual?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
9-11 mg/dl
7
What is the normal range of ionized calcium in plasma?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
4-5 mg/dl
8
Which condition can lead to tetany?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
Hypocalcaemia and alkalosis
9
By what mechanism is calcium primarily absorbed in the intestines?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
Active takeup
10
Which substance inhibits the absorption of calcium in the intestines?
پاسخ دهید
(B)
Phytate
11
What substance does Calcitriol enhance the production of within the intestinal lining to aid calcium absorption?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
All of these
12
Elevated blood calcium levels influence the intestines' ability to absorb calcium by doing what?
پاسخ دهید
(B)
Inhibiting the secretion of parathormone
13
Approximately how much calcium is needed daily by an adult male?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
800 mg
14
During pregnancy and breastfeeding, roughly how much calcium is required daily?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
1,200 mg
15
Which of the following conditions is LEAST likely to result in an excessive amount of calcium in the blood?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
Nephrotic syndrome
16
Which of the following conditions is LEAST likely to cause a calcium deficiency in the blood?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
Hyperparathyroidism
17
What is the primary calcium-containing compound found in bones?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
Calcium phosphate
18
Regarding the concentration of inorganic phosphorus in the blood, which statement is accurate?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
It is higher in children than in adults
19
In adults, what is the approximate product of the blood calcium concentration (in mg/dL) and the blood inorganic phosphorus concentration (in mg/dL)?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
30
20
In children, what is the approximate product of the blood calcium concentration (in mg/dL) and the blood inorganic phosphorus concentration (in mg/dL)?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
50
21
In which of the following conditions is the product of serum calcium (mg/dl) and serum inorganic phosphorus (mg/dl) typically reduced?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
Rickets
22
Inorganic phosphorus levels in the blood increase in all of the following scenarios EXCEPT:
پاسخ دهید
(D)
Following a meal rich in carbohydrates
23
Under which of these circumstances would serum inorganic phosphorus NOT typically decrease?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
Chronic kidney disease
24
What is the typical range for serum magnesium levels?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
2-3 mg/dl
25
Magnesium ions play a crucial role in reactions involving which of the following?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
ATP
26
What is considered a normal serum sodium range?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
136-145 mEq/L
27
Sodium aids in the active absorption of which of the following substances?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
All of these
28
Where in the kidney does aldosterone primarily promote sodium reabsorption?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
Distal convoluted tubules
29
Limiting sodium intake is often recommended for individuals with which of the following conditions?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
High blood pressure
30
In which of these situations is serum sodium level NOT typically elevated?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
Kidney dysfunction
31
In which of the following medical conditions is a low sodium level in the blood observed?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
All of these
32
In which of the following conditions does the level of serum potassium decrease?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
Familial periodic paralysis
33
Which of the following substances is found in a greater concentration inside cells compared to outside cells?
پاسخ دهید
(B)
Potassium
34
What is the typical range for serum potassium levels?
پاسخ دهید
(B)
3.5-5.3 mEq/L
35
What is the typical range for serum chloride levels?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
100-106 mEq/L
36
In which of the following bodily fluids is the chloride concentration typically higher than in serum?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
CSF
37
Approximately how much total iron is present in the body of an adult male?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
3-4 gm
38
Roughly what percentage of the total iron in the body is found in hemoglobin?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
75% of the total body iron
39
About what percentage of total body iron is found in myoglobin?
پاسخ دهید
(B)
Myoglobin
40
How many iron atoms are present in each hemoglobin molecule?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
Four iron atoms
41
What is the number of iron atoms found in each myoglobin molecule?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
One
42
An apoferritin molecule is composed of how many subunits?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
Twenty-four
43
In which of the following locations is ferritin found?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
All of these
44
In what forms is iron stored?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
Ferritin and haemosiderin
45
What protein transports iron in the bloodstream?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
Transferrin
46
What is the approximate molecular weight of transferrin?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
80,000
47
What is a typical plasma iron level?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
50175 µg/dl
48
Which of the following does NOT contain iron?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
Fumarase
49
Approximately how much iron does an adult man lose daily?
