Which of the following enzymes does NOT exhibit allosteric regulation?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
Succinate thiokinase
2
Which of the following is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
Pyruvate
3
Which of the following citric acid cycle intermediates CANNOT be derived from amino acids?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
Malate
4
Where does the process of glycolysis take place?
پاسخ دهید
(B)
Cytosol
5
What is the final product of aerobic glycolysis?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
Pyruvate
6
Under conditions of fasting, which enzyme is primarily responsible for glucose phosphorylation?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
Hexokinase
7
Where can glucokinase be found?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
Liver
8
What is the net energy gain (in ATP equivalents) from each glucose molecule in anaerobic glycolysis?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
2 ATP equivalents
9
Which of the listed enzymes is regulated allosterically?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
Phosphofructokinase
10
In which of these locations is glycolysis anaerobic?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
Erythrocytes
11
Which substance acts as an allosteric inhibitor of phosphofructokinase?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
Citrate
12
Which molecule functions as an allosteric inhibitor for glucose-6-phosphate?
پاسخ دهید
(B)
Hexokinase
13
In the context of enzyme regulation, ATP serves as both a co-substrate and an allosteric inhibitor for which enzyme?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
Phosphofructokinase
14
The complete breakdown of a single glucose molecule into carbon dioxide and water generates approximately how many ATP molecules?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
38 ATP equivalents
15
Which unique compound is produced during glycolysis specifically in red blood cells?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
2, 3-Biphosphoglycerate
16
Which enzyme in the given list utilizes inorganic phosphate in its reaction?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
Phosphoglycerate kinase
17
The Rapoport-Luebering cycle is primarily found in which type of cells?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
Erythrocytes
18
Through which intermediate can glycerol enter the glycolytic pathway?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
19
The HMP shunt metabolic pathway is present in which of the following?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
All of these
20
Which factor triggers the production of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
Insulin
21
In the HMP shunt, what enzyme catalyzes the decarboxylation reaction?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
6-Phosphogluconate decarboxylase
22
What is the initial pentose sugar produced during the HMP shunt?
پاسخ دهید
(B)
Ribulose-5-phosphate
23
Which enzyme plays a regulatory role in the HMP shunt?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
Both (A) and (B)
24
What factors influence the speed of the HMP shunt reactions?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
Increased by Insulin
25
Which nucleotide is essential for the process of glycogenesis?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
UTP
26
What type of bond does glycogen synthetase create?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
α-1, 4-Glycosidic bonds
27
Which hormone enhances glycogenolysis?
پاسخ دهید
(B)
Insulin
28
Which hormone primarily stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver?
پاسخ دهید
(B)
Glucagon
29
What molecule is released from glycogen by glycogen phosphorylase?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
Glucose-1-phosphate
30
Following the action of phosphorylase, what is glycogen transformed into?
پاسخ دهید
(B)
dextrin
31
In which of the following tissues is the conversion of glucose-1-phosphate to free glucose not possible?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
Muscles
32
Which of the following molecules acts as a coenzyme in phosphorylase?
پاسخ دهید
(B)
Pyridoxal phosphate
33
What is the approximate ATP equivalent energy yield if glucose-1-phosphate, produced by glycogen breakdown in muscle, is fully converted to CO₂ and H₂O?
پاسخ دهید
(B)
3 ATP equivalents
34
How many subunits comprise a single molecule of phosphorylase kinase?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
16 subunits
35
To which type of subunit does cyclic AMP bind?
پاسخ دهید
(B)
Regulatory subunits of protein kinase
36
Which of the following cell types relies exclusively on glucose for its energy needs?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
Erythrocytes
37
Where does the glycerol-3-phosphate used to create triglycerides in fat tissue originate?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
Glucose
38
In which organ does gluconeogenesis not take place?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
Muscles
39
From which of the following substances can glucose not be created?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
Leucine
40
Which molecule serves as a coenzyme for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
GTP
41
Which of the following is a therapeutic enzyme?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
Streptokinase and Asparaginase
42
Which enzyme facilitates gluconeogenesis?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase
43
What mechanisms govern the regulation of Glucose-6-phosphatase and PEP carboxy kinase?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
Induction and repression
44
What is the longest possible carbon chain length during de novo fatty acid synthesis?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
16 Carbon atoms
45
From what source is Acetyl CoA derived for new fatty acid synthesis?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
Pyruvate and related processes
46
What enzyme(s) is/are necessary for the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA during fatty acid synthesis?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
All of the listed enzymes
47
Where does the primary elongation of medium-chain fatty acids occur?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
Microsomes
48
Which substance inhibits beta-oxidation of fatty acids?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
Malonyl CoA
49
Which enzyme controls fatty acid synthesis outside the mitochondria?
