Which of the following enzymes participates in the process of creating glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors?
پاسخ دهید
(B)
Pyruvate carboxylase
2
Where is the enzyme that converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate found?
پاسخ دهید
(B)
Mitochondria
3
What molecule is essential for the conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
GTP
4
In which of the following tissues is glucose 6-phosphatase found?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
Liver
5
Which molecule acts as a regulator in the production of oxaloacetate from bicarbonate and pyruvate, a reaction facilitated by pyruvate carboxylase?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
Acetyl CoA
6
How many energy-carrying molecules are needed to turn two lactic acid molecules into glucose in the liver of animals?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
6
7
What compound is provided by the uronic acid pathway to assist in the modification of various substances before they are removed through urine?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
Active glucuronate
8
UDP glucose dehydrogenase utilizes which coenzyme to convert UDP glucose to UDP glucurronate?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
NAD+
9
What substance is found in elevated levels in the urine of individuals with pentosuria, a genetic condition?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
L-xylulose
10
Which type of enzyme is deficient in individuals with essential pentosuria?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
Reductase
11
In which organ does the body create galactose from glucose?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
Mammary gland
12
In which organ is galactose easily changed back into glucose?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
Liver
13
What enzyme facilitates the conversion of galactose 1-phosphate to uridine diphosphate galactose?
پاسخ دهید
(B)
Galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase
14
The most common reason for galactosemia is a lack of which of the following?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
Galactose 1-phosphate and uridyl transferase
15
Which enzyme is responsible for converting fructose into sorbitol?
پاسخ دهید
(B)
Aldose reductase
16
Why does the specific fructokinase found in the liver have a high affinity for fructose?
پاسخ دهید
(B)
K for fructose is very low
17
Which enzyme's activity is not influenced by insulin?
پاسخ دهید
(B)
Fructokinase
18
The buildup of which substance is a factor in the development of diabetic cataracts?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
Sorbitol
19
What enzyme is missing in individuals with hereditary fructose intolerance?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
Aldalose B
20
Which liver enzyme is absent in individuals with essential fructosuria?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
Fructokinase
21
In healthy people, when does glucose appear in urine, based on venous blood glucose concentration?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
9.5-10 mmol/L
22
What is the primary action of phlorizin in biological systems?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
Renal tubular reabsorption of glucose
23
Which of the following best describes the typical blood glucose and urine characteristics in renal glycosuria?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
Normal blood glucose level with glycosuria
24
In individuals with a sensitivity to fava beans, which enzyme deficiency is the primary cause of acute hemolytic anemia?
پاسخ دهید
(B)
G-6-PD
25
What enzyme deficiency is linked to hemolytic episodes triggered by the antimalarial drug primaquine?
پاسخ دهید
(B)
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
26
What is the optimal pH range for the activity of gastric lipase?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
3.0-6.0
27
What is the ideal pH for pancreatic lipase to function most effectively?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
6.0
28
Which of the following substances activates gastric lipase?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
Bile salts
29
Which of the options below represents a type of enzyme inhibition?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
All of these
30
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of acyl-CoA to Δ²-trans-enoyl-CoA?
پاسخ دهید
(B)
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
31
Which enzyme splits 3-ketoacyl-CoA at the 2, 3 position during β-oxidation?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
Thiolase
32
What compound is produced alongside acetyl-CoA when fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms undergo oxidation?
پاسخ دهید
(B)
Propionyl-CoA
33
Considering the α-oxidation of palmitic acid, what is the approximate yield of high-energy phosphates for each of the initial 7 acetyl-CoA molecules produced?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
35
34
Approximately how many ATP molecules are gained net per mole of palmitic acid upon complete oxidation?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
129
35
What type of enzymes are involved in ω-oxidation, a generally minor pathway?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
Cytochrome c
36
In which tissue has α-oxidation, the process of removing a single carbon atom from the carboxyl end of a molecule, been found?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
Brain tissue
37
In the β-oxidation pathway, what coenzyme is required by acyl-CoA dehydrogenase?
پاسخ دهید
(D)
FAD
38
What coenzyme is essential for the dehydrogenation of 3-hydroxy acyl-CoA?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
NAD
39
Under standard conditions, what is the typical maximum concentration of ketone bodies in the bloodstream?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
0.2 mmol/L
40
Under normal conditions, how much ketone bodies are typically eliminated through urine in humans within a 24-hour period?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
1 mg/24 hr
41
Which organ is primarily responsible for producing ketone bodies in significant amounts for circulation?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
Liver
42
What molecule initiates the process of ketogenesis?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
Acetoacetyl-CoA
43
The enzymes involved in creating ketone bodies are predominantly located within the
پاسخ دهید
(A)
Mitochondria
44
Where can the synthesis of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA take place?
پاسخ دهید
(C)
In both the cytosol and mitochondria
45
In the liver's process of making acetoacetate from acetyl-CoA, which molecule directly precedes acetoacetate?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
Acetoacetyl-CoA
46
Ketone bodies provide energy for which type of tissues?
پاسخ دهید
(A)
Tissues outside the liver
47
In tissues other than the liver, how is acetoacetate typically used?
پاسخ دهید
(B)
Via Succinyl-CoA
48
What does ketosis indicate?
پاسخ دهید
(B)
Heightened fatty acid breakdown
49
Which medical condition is linked with ketosis?
پاسخ دهید
(B)
Diabetes mellitus
50
The primary site for new fatty acid synthesis is the
