What is the typical range for serum insulin concentration?
Απάντηση
(A)
4-25 μU/ml
2
A diabetic woman, after an overnight fast and a cup of black coffee, feels queasy and skips breakfast but still takes her insulin. What is the most likely outcome?
Απάντηση
(B)
Hypoglycemia
3
What is a common consequence of insufficient insulin?
Απάντηση
(D)
Presence of glucose in urine
4
What factor is the main trigger for the release of insulin?
Απάντηση
(C)
Blood level of glucose
5
Which cells within the pancreatic islets are responsible for producing glucagon?
Απάντηση
(B)
Glucagon
6
How many amino acids are present in a single glucagon polypeptide chain?
Απάντηση
(B)
29
7
What is an approximate duration for the half-life of glucagon?
Απάντηση
(A)
~5
8
Which process is accelerated by the action of glucagon?
Απάντηση
(A)
Hepatic glycogenolysis
9
What is the typical serum glucagon level during a fasting state?
Απάντηση
(B)
20-100 pg/ml
10
Glucagon primarily functions to:
Απάντηση
(C)
Increases gluconeogenesis in liver
11
In adult males, what is the typical range for serum free testosterone levels?
Απάντηση
(C)
10-30 ng/dl
12
In adult females, what is the typical range for serum free testosterone levels?
Απάντηση
(B)
0.3-2 ng/dl
13
Before puberty, what is the usual level of total serum testosterone?
Απάντηση
(A)
<100 ng/100 ml
14
What is the typical range for total serum testosterone in adult men?
Απάντηση
(C)
300-1000 ng/100 ml
15
What is the typical range for total serum testosterone in adult women?
Απάντηση
(C)
20-80 ng/100 ml
16
What is the approximate range for serum estradiol in men?
Απάντηση
(C)
24-68 pg/ml
17
During the first 10 days of a woman's menstrual cycle, what is the expected range for serum estradiol levels?
Απάντηση
(C)
24-68 pg/ml
18
What is the typical range for serum estradiol levels in women during days 11-20 of their menstrual cycle?
Απάντηση
(B)
50-300 pg/ml
19
What is the typical range for serum estradiol levels in women during days 21-30 of their menstrual cycle?
Απάντηση
(C)
73-149 pg/ml
20
What is the approximate serum progesterone level during the follicular phase?
Απάντηση
(A)
0.2-1.5 ng/100 ml
21
During a pregnancy, what is a typical serum progesterone concentration?
Απάντηση
(D)
Greater than 24 ng/ml
22
In the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, what serum progesterone levels are usually observed?
Απάντηση
(C)
6.0-30 ng/ml
23
Which cells in the testes are responsible for the production of androgens?
Απάντηση
(B)
Leydig cells
24
What hormone primarily regulates the activity of Leydig cells?
Απάντηση
(A)
Intestitial cell stimulating hormone
25
What is the primary hormonal imbalance associated with Stein-Leventhal syndrome (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome)?
Απάντηση
(B)
Androgens
26
What hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating progesterone production in the corpus luteum?
Απάντηση
(A)
LH
27
In the process of testosterone synthesis, what is the crucial, rate-limiting step involving the conversion of a precursor?
Απάντηση
(A)
Cholesterol to pregnenolone
28
What type of enzyme facilitates the conversion of androstenedione into testosterone?
Απάντηση
(B)
Dehydrogenase
29
What enzyme is essential for the conversion of testosterone into estradiol?
Απάντηση
(A)
Aromatase
30
What is the starting compound from which testosterone is synthesized?
Απάντηση
(D)
Pregnenolone
31
In the context of urine analysis, what do urinary 17 ketosteroids primarily indicate?
Απάντηση
(B)
Reflect the overall creation of androgen-related compounds
32
Which hormone is typically assessed in urine to determine pregnancy?
Απάντηση
(D)
A hormone produced by the placenta
33
What is the approximate number of amino acids in human chorionic gonadotropin?
Απάντηση
(D)
237
34
Which hormone, produced by the corpus luteum and placenta, is associated with relaxing pelvic tissues?
Απάντηση
(C)
Relaxin
35
What is a synthetic progesterone frequently used in oral contraceptives?
Απάντηση
(A)
Norethindrone
36
Why are young women often less susceptible to myocardial infarctions?
Απάντηση
(A)
Estrogen
37
Hormone receptors exhibit all the following traits EXCEPT:
Απάντηση
(D)
The quantity of receptors in a target cell is fixed
38
Which statement about hormone receptors is the most accurate?
Απάντηση
(D)
Receptors can be reduced or increased in number based on conditions
39
What is the process of down-regulation?
Απάντηση
(D)
A reduction in the number of receptors for a particular hormone
40
Which of the following statements about hormones is NOT generally true?
Απάντηση
(A)
All hormones require specific transport proteins in the blood
41
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of steroid hormones?
Απάντηση
(D)
They utilize cyclic AMP as a secondary messenger
42
Which of the following hormones uses cyclic AMP as a secondary messenger?
Απάντηση
(D)
All of these
43
Which of the following hormones does NOT use cyclic AMP as a secondary messenger?
Απάντηση
(A)
Oxytocin
44
Which of the following utilizes cyclic GMP as a secondary messenger?
Απάντηση
(B)
Atrial natriuretic factor
45
Certain hormones initiate intracellular effects by stimulating
Απάντηση
(C)
Phospholipase C
46
What is the secondary messenger for the hormone(s) listed?
Απάντηση
(D)
All of these
47
What role do G-proteins play?
Απάντηση
(D)
Signal conversion
48
What component serves as the signal converter for glucagon?
Απάντηση
(C)
Stimulatory G-protein
49
How are G-proteins structured?
Απάντηση
(C)
Trimers
50
G-proteins interact with which type of nucleotide?
