Which of the following enzymes does NOT exhibit allosteric regulation?
Απάντηση
(C)
Succinate thiokinase
2
Which of the following is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle?
Απάντηση
(C)
Pyruvate
3
Which of the following citric acid cycle intermediates CANNOT be derived from amino acids?
Απάντηση
(C)
Malate
4
Where does the process of glycolysis take place?
Απάντηση
(B)
Cytosol
5
What is the final product of aerobic glycolysis?
Απάντηση
(C)
Pyruvate
6
Under conditions of fasting, which enzyme is primarily responsible for glucose phosphorylation?
Απάντηση
(A)
Hexokinase
7
Where can glucokinase be found?
Απάντηση
(C)
Liver
8
What is the net energy gain (in ATP equivalents) from each glucose molecule in anaerobic glycolysis?
Απάντηση
(A)
2 ATP equivalents
9
Which of the listed enzymes is regulated allosterically?
Απάντηση
(D)
Phosphofructokinase
10
In which of these locations is glycolysis anaerobic?
Απάντηση
(D)
Erythrocytes
11
Which substance acts as an allosteric inhibitor of phosphofructokinase?
Απάντηση
(D)
Citrate
12
Which molecule functions as an allosteric inhibitor for glucose-6-phosphate?
Απάντηση
(B)
Hexokinase
13
In the context of enzyme regulation, ATP serves as both a co-substrate and an allosteric inhibitor for which enzyme?
Απάντηση
(A)
Phosphofructokinase
14
The complete breakdown of a single glucose molecule into carbon dioxide and water generates approximately how many ATP molecules?
Απάντηση
(D)
38 ATP equivalents
15
Which unique compound is produced during glycolysis specifically in red blood cells?
Απάντηση
(C)
2, 3-Biphosphoglycerate
16
Which enzyme in the given list utilizes inorganic phosphate in its reaction?
Απάντηση
(A)
Phosphoglycerate kinase
17
The Rapoport-Luebering cycle is primarily found in which type of cells?
Απάντηση
(D)
Erythrocytes
18
Through which intermediate can glycerol enter the glycolytic pathway?
Απάντηση
(A)
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
19
The HMP shunt metabolic pathway is present in which of the following?
Απάντηση
(D)
All of these
20
Which factor triggers the production of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase?
Απάντηση
(D)
Insulin
21
In the HMP shunt, what enzyme catalyzes the decarboxylation reaction?
Απάντηση
(C)
6-Phosphogluconate decarboxylase
22
What is the initial pentose sugar produced during the HMP shunt?
Απάντηση
(B)
Ribulose-5-phosphate
23
Which enzyme plays a regulatory role in the HMP shunt?
Απάντηση
(C)
Both (A) and (B)
24
What factors influence the speed of the HMP shunt reactions?
Απάντηση
(A)
Increased by Insulin
25
Which nucleotide is essential for the process of glycogenesis?
Απάντηση
(C)
UTP
26
What type of bond does glycogen synthetase create?
Απάντηση
(A)
α-1, 4-Glycosidic bonds
27
Which hormone enhances glycogenolysis?
Απάντηση
(B)
Insulin
28
Which hormone primarily stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver?
Απάντηση
(B)
Glucagon
29
What molecule is released from glycogen by glycogen phosphorylase?
Απάντηση
(C)
Glucose-1-phosphate
30
Following the action of phosphorylase, what is glycogen transformed into?
Απάντηση
(B)
dextrin
31
In which of the following tissues is the conversion of glucose-1-phosphate to free glucose not possible?
Απάντηση
(C)
Muscles
32
Which of the following molecules acts as a coenzyme in phosphorylase?
Απάντηση
(B)
Pyridoxal phosphate
33
What is the approximate ATP equivalent energy yield if glucose-1-phosphate, produced by glycogen breakdown in muscle, is fully converted to CO₂ and H₂O?
Απάντηση
(B)
3 ATP equivalents
34
How many subunits comprise a single molecule of phosphorylase kinase?
Απάντηση
(D)
16 subunits
35
To which type of subunit does cyclic AMP bind?
Απάντηση
(B)
Regulatory subunits of protein kinase
36
Which of the following cell types relies exclusively on glucose for its energy needs?
Απάντηση
(C)
Erythrocytes
37
Where does the glycerol-3-phosphate used to create triglycerides in fat tissue originate?
Απάντηση
(D)
Glucose
38
In which organ does gluconeogenesis not take place?
Απάντηση
(C)
Muscles
39
From which of the following substances can glucose not be created?
Απάντηση
(D)
Leucine
40
Which molecule serves as a coenzyme for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase?
Απάντηση
(C)
GTP
41
Which of the following is a therapeutic enzyme?
Απάντηση
(D)
Streptokinase and Asparaginase
42
Which enzyme facilitates gluconeogenesis?
Απάντηση
(C)
Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase
43
What mechanisms govern the regulation of Glucose-6-phosphatase and PEP carboxy kinase?
Απάντηση
(C)
Induction and repression
44
What is the longest possible carbon chain length during de novo fatty acid synthesis?
Απάντηση
(A)
16 Carbon atoms
45
From what source is Acetyl CoA derived for new fatty acid synthesis?
Απάντηση
(D)
Pyruvate and related processes
46
What enzyme(s) is/are necessary for the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA during fatty acid synthesis?
Απάντηση
(D)
All of the listed enzymes
47
Where does the primary elongation of medium-chain fatty acids occur?
Απάντηση
(C)
Microsomes
48
Which substance inhibits beta-oxidation of fatty acids?
Απάντηση
(C)
Malonyl CoA
49
Which enzyme controls fatty acid synthesis outside the mitochondria?
