What is the typical range for serum insulin concentration?
отговор
(A)
4-25 μU/ml
2
A diabetic woman, after an overnight fast and a cup of black coffee, feels queasy and skips breakfast but still takes her insulin. What is the most likely outcome?
отговор
(B)
Hypoglycemia
3
What is a common consequence of insufficient insulin?
отговор
(D)
Presence of glucose in urine
4
What factor is the main trigger for the release of insulin?
отговор
(C)
Blood level of glucose
5
Which cells within the pancreatic islets are responsible for producing glucagon?
отговор
(B)
Glucagon
6
How many amino acids are present in a single glucagon polypeptide chain?
отговор
(B)
29
7
What is an approximate duration for the half-life of glucagon?
отговор
(A)
~5
8
Which process is accelerated by the action of glucagon?
отговор
(A)
Hepatic glycogenolysis
9
What is the typical serum glucagon level during a fasting state?
отговор
(B)
20-100 pg/ml
10
Glucagon primarily functions to:
отговор
(C)
Increases gluconeogenesis in liver
11
In adult males, what is the typical range for serum free testosterone levels?
отговор
(C)
10-30 ng/dl
12
In adult females, what is the typical range for serum free testosterone levels?
отговор
(B)
0.3-2 ng/dl
13
Before puberty, what is the usual level of total serum testosterone?
отговор
(A)
<100 ng/100 ml
14
What is the typical range for total serum testosterone in adult men?
отговор
(C)
300-1000 ng/100 ml
15
What is the typical range for total serum testosterone in adult women?
отговор
(C)
20-80 ng/100 ml
16
What is the approximate range for serum estradiol in men?
отговор
(C)
24-68 pg/ml
17
During the first 10 days of a woman's menstrual cycle, what is the expected range for serum estradiol levels?
отговор
(C)
24-68 pg/ml
18
What is the typical range for serum estradiol levels in women during days 11-20 of their menstrual cycle?
отговор
(B)
50-300 pg/ml
19
What is the typical range for serum estradiol levels in women during days 21-30 of their menstrual cycle?
отговор
(C)
73-149 pg/ml
20
What is the approximate serum progesterone level during the follicular phase?
отговор
(A)
0.2-1.5 ng/100 ml
21
During a pregnancy, what is a typical serum progesterone concentration?
отговор
(D)
Greater than 24 ng/ml
22
In the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, what serum progesterone levels are usually observed?
отговор
(C)
6.0-30 ng/ml
23
Which cells in the testes are responsible for the production of androgens?
отговор
(B)
Leydig cells
24
What hormone primarily regulates the activity of Leydig cells?
отговор
(A)
Intestitial cell stimulating hormone
25
What is the primary hormonal imbalance associated with Stein-Leventhal syndrome (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome)?
отговор
(B)
Androgens
26
What hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating progesterone production in the corpus luteum?
отговор
(A)
LH
27
In the process of testosterone synthesis, what is the crucial, rate-limiting step involving the conversion of a precursor?
отговор
(A)
Cholesterol to pregnenolone
28
What type of enzyme facilitates the conversion of androstenedione into testosterone?
отговор
(B)
Dehydrogenase
29
What enzyme is essential for the conversion of testosterone into estradiol?
отговор
(A)
Aromatase
30
What is the starting compound from which testosterone is synthesized?
отговор
(D)
Pregnenolone
31
In the context of urine analysis, what do urinary 17 ketosteroids primarily indicate?
отговор
(B)
Reflect the overall creation of androgen-related compounds
32
Which hormone is typically assessed in urine to determine pregnancy?
отговор
(D)
A hormone produced by the placenta
33
What is the approximate number of amino acids in human chorionic gonadotropin?
отговор
(D)
237
34
Which hormone, produced by the corpus luteum and placenta, is associated with relaxing pelvic tissues?
отговор
(C)
Relaxin
35
What is a synthetic progesterone frequently used in oral contraceptives?
отговор
(A)
Norethindrone
36
Why are young women often less susceptible to myocardial infarctions?
отговор
(A)
Estrogen
37
Hormone receptors exhibit all the following traits EXCEPT:
отговор
(D)
The quantity of receptors in a target cell is fixed
38
Which statement about hormone receptors is the most accurate?
отговор
(D)
Receptors can be reduced or increased in number based on conditions
39
What is the process of down-regulation?
отговор
(D)
A reduction in the number of receptors for a particular hormone
40
Which of the following statements about hormones is NOT generally true?
отговор
(A)
All hormones require specific transport proteins in the blood
41
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of steroid hormones?
отговор
(D)
They utilize cyclic AMP as a secondary messenger
42
Which of the following hormones uses cyclic AMP as a secondary messenger?
отговор
(D)
All of these
43
Which of the following hormones does NOT use cyclic AMP as a secondary messenger?
отговор
(A)
Oxytocin
44
Which of the following utilizes cyclic GMP as a secondary messenger?
отговор
(B)
Atrial natriuretic factor
45
Certain hormones initiate intracellular effects by stimulating
отговор
(C)
Phospholipase C
46
What is the secondary messenger for the hormone(s) listed?
отговор
(D)
All of these
47
What role do G-proteins play?
отговор
(D)
Signal conversion
48
What component serves as the signal converter for glucagon?
отговор
(C)
Stimulatory G-protein
49
How are G-proteins structured?
отговор
(C)
Trimers
50
G-proteins interact with which type of nucleotide?
