Which of the following enzymes participates in the process of creating glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors?
إجابة
(B)
Pyruvate carboxylase
2
Where is the enzyme that converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate found?
إجابة
(B)
Mitochondria
3
What molecule is essential for the conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase?
إجابة
(D)
GTP
4
In which of the following tissues is glucose 6-phosphatase found?
إجابة
(A)
Liver
5
Which molecule acts as a regulator in the production of oxaloacetate from bicarbonate and pyruvate, a reaction facilitated by pyruvate carboxylase?
إجابة
(A)
Acetyl CoA
6
How many energy-carrying molecules are needed to turn two lactic acid molecules into glucose in the liver of animals?
إجابة
(D)
6
7
What compound is provided by the uronic acid pathway to assist in the modification of various substances before they are removed through urine?
إجابة
(A)
Active glucuronate
8
UDP glucose dehydrogenase utilizes which coenzyme to convert UDP glucose to UDP glucurronate?
إجابة
(A)
NAD+
9
What substance is found in elevated levels in the urine of individuals with pentosuria, a genetic condition?
إجابة
(A)
L-xylulose
10
Which type of enzyme is deficient in individuals with essential pentosuria?
إجابة
(A)
Reductase
11
In which organ does the body create galactose from glucose?
إجابة
(A)
Mammary gland
12
In which organ is galactose easily changed back into glucose?
إجابة
(A)
Liver
13
What enzyme facilitates the conversion of galactose 1-phosphate to uridine diphosphate galactose?
إجابة
(B)
Galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase
14
The most common reason for galactosemia is a lack of which of the following?
إجابة
(A)
Galactose 1-phosphate and uridyl transferase
15
Which enzyme is responsible for converting fructose into sorbitol?
إجابة
(B)
Aldose reductase
16
Why does the specific fructokinase found in the liver have a high affinity for fructose?
إجابة
(B)
K for fructose is very low
17
Which enzyme's activity is not influenced by insulin?
إجابة
(B)
Fructokinase
18
The buildup of which substance is a factor in the development of diabetic cataracts?
إجابة
(C)
Sorbitol
19
What enzyme is missing in individuals with hereditary fructose intolerance?
إجابة
(A)
Aldalose B
20
Which liver enzyme is absent in individuals with essential fructosuria?
إجابة
(D)
Fructokinase
21
In healthy people, when does glucose appear in urine, based on venous blood glucose concentration?
إجابة
(D)
9.5-10 mmol/L
22
What is the primary action of phlorizin in biological systems?
إجابة
(A)
Renal tubular reabsorption of glucose
23
Which of the following best describes the typical blood glucose and urine characteristics in renal glycosuria?
إجابة
(C)
Normal blood glucose level with glycosuria
24
In individuals with a sensitivity to fava beans, which enzyme deficiency is the primary cause of acute hemolytic anemia?
إجابة
(B)
G-6-PD
25
What enzyme deficiency is linked to hemolytic episodes triggered by the antimalarial drug primaquine?
إجابة
(B)
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
26
What is the optimal pH range for the activity of gastric lipase?
إجابة
(A)
3.0-6.0
27
What is the ideal pH for pancreatic lipase to function most effectively?
إجابة
(C)
6.0
28
Which of the following substances activates gastric lipase?
إجابة
(A)
Bile salts
29
Which of the options below represents a type of enzyme inhibition?
إجابة
(D)
All of these
30
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of acyl-CoA to Δ²-trans-enoyl-CoA?
إجابة
(B)
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
31
Which enzyme splits 3-ketoacyl-CoA at the 2, 3 position during β-oxidation?
إجابة
(D)
Thiolase
32
What compound is produced alongside acetyl-CoA when fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms undergo oxidation?
إجابة
(B)
Propionyl-CoA
33
Considering the α-oxidation of palmitic acid, what is the approximate yield of high-energy phosphates for each of the initial 7 acetyl-CoA molecules produced?
إجابة
(D)
35
34
Approximately how many ATP molecules are gained net per mole of palmitic acid upon complete oxidation?
إجابة
(C)
129
35
What type of enzymes are involved in ω-oxidation, a generally minor pathway?
إجابة
(C)
Cytochrome c
36
In which tissue has α-oxidation, the process of removing a single carbon atom from the carboxyl end of a molecule, been found?
إجابة
(A)
Brain tissue
37
In the β-oxidation pathway, what coenzyme is required by acyl-CoA dehydrogenase?
إجابة
(D)
FAD
38
What coenzyme is essential for the dehydrogenation of 3-hydroxy acyl-CoA?
إجابة
(C)
NAD
39
Under standard conditions, what is the typical maximum concentration of ketone bodies in the bloodstream?
إجابة
(A)
0.2 mmol/L
40
Under normal conditions, how much ketone bodies are typically eliminated through urine in humans within a 24-hour period?
إجابة
(A)
1 mg/24 hr
41
Which organ is primarily responsible for producing ketone bodies in significant amounts for circulation?
إجابة
(C)
Liver
42
What molecule initiates the process of ketogenesis?
إجابة
(C)
Acetoacetyl-CoA
43
The enzymes involved in creating ketone bodies are predominantly located within the
إجابة
(A)
Mitochondria
44
Where can the synthesis of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA take place?
إجابة
(C)
In both the cytosol and mitochondria
45
In the liver's process of making acetoacetate from acetyl-CoA, which molecule directly precedes acetoacetate?
إجابة
(A)
Acetoacetyl-CoA
46
Ketone bodies provide energy for which type of tissues?
إجابة
(A)
Tissues outside the liver
47
In tissues other than the liver, how is acetoacetate typically used?
إجابة
(B)
Via Succinyl-CoA
48
What does ketosis indicate?
إجابة
(B)
Heightened fatty acid breakdown
49
Which medical condition is linked with ketosis?
إجابة
(B)
Diabetes mellitus
50
The primary site for new fatty acid synthesis is the
